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Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002) - Bhutan (2004)

Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002) z Bhutan (2004)

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2002)Bhutan (2004)
 Ashmore and Cartier IslandsBhutan
Administrative divisions - 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang


note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse
Age structure - 0-14 years: 39.3% (male 445,548; female 414,338)


15-64 years: 56.6% (male 637,637; female 600,253)


65 years and over: 4% (male 44,298; female 43,495) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products - rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs
Airports - 2 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area total: 5 sq km


land: 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island		 total: 47,000 sq km


land: 47,000 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC about half the size of Indiana
Background These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is now a marine reserve. In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps.
Birth rate - 34.41 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget - revenues: $146 million


expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of NA


note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures (FY95/96 est.)
Capital - Thimphu
Climate tropical varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Coastline 74.1 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution - no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers
Country name conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands


conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands		 conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan


conventional short form: Bhutan
Currency - ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Death rate - 13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external - $245 million (2000)
Dependency status territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services -
Diplomatic representation from the US none (territory of Australia) the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)
Diplomatic representation in the US none (territory of Australia) none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US


consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international - approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
Economic aid - recipient - substantial aid from India and other nations
Economy - overview no economic activity The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector encourages the visits of upscale, environmentally conscientious visitors. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.
Electricity - consumption - 379.5 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports - 1.4 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports - 16 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production - 1.896 billion kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location 3 m		 lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m


highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m
Environment - current issues NA soil erosion; limited access to potable water
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups - Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Exchange rates - ngultrum per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002), 47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)
Executive branch - chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)


head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo Yeshey ZIMBA (since 20 August 2004)


cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote
Exports - NA (2001)
Exports - commodities - electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices
Exports - partners - Bangladesh 60.5%, US 11.7%, Malaysia 5.7% (2003)
Fiscal year - 1 July - 30 June
Flag description the flag of Australia is used divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side
GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.7 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 45%


industry: 10%


services: 45% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 7.7% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 12 14 S, 123 05 E 27 30 N, 90 30 E
Geography - note Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes
Highways - total: 3,690 km


paved: 2,240 km


unpaved: 1,450 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
Imports - NA (2001)
Imports - commodities - fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice
Imports - partners - Japan 36.6%, Austria 14.2%, Sweden 8.3%, China 7.5%, Thailand 6%, Bangladesh 6%, Germany 5.5%, Italy 4% (2003)
Independence - 8 August 1949 (from India)
Industrial production growth rate - 9.3% (1996 est.)
Industries - cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide
Infant mortality rate - total: 102.56 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 100.35 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 104.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 3% (2002 est.)
International organization participation - AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1998 est.) 400 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch - Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch)
Labor force - NA


note: massive lack of skilled labor (1997 est.)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5%
Land boundaries 0 km total: 1,075 km


border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (all grass and sand) (1998 est.)		 arable land: 3.09%


permanent crops: 0.43%


other: 96.48% (2001)
Languages - Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Legal system the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch - unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)


elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held NA 2005)


election results: NA
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 53.99 years


male: 54.27 years


female: 53.68 years (2004 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 42.2%


male: 56.2%


female: 28.1% (1995 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia Southern Asia, between China and India
Map references Southeast Asia Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 12 NM


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation


exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM		 none (landlocked)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force -
Military branches - Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $11.2 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 1.9% (2003)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 544,560 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 290,843 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 23,379 (2004 est.)
National holiday - National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)
Nationality - noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)


adjective: Bhutanese
Natural hazards surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
Natural resources fish timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
People - note the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote Island has become an ongoing problem -
Political parties and leaders - no legal parties
Political pressure groups and leaders - Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled)
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh waster at Ashmore Reef's West Island		 2,185,569


note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA
Population growth rate - 2.12% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors none; offshore anchorage only none
Radio broadcast stations - AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)
Religions - Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female


total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage - each family has one vote in village-level elections; note - in late 2003 Bhutan's legislature passed a new election law
Telephone system - general assessment: NA


domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use


international: country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)
Telephones - main lines in use - 25,200 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 8,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations - 0 (1997)
Terrain low with sand and coral mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
Total fertility rate - 4.87 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate - NA
Waterways none -
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